International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Methods to extract Essential oils

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India

Res.J.chem.sci., Volume 12, Issue (3), Pages 36-42, October,18 (2022)

Abstract

Essential oils are low boiling oils, also known as volatile oils mainly obtained from plants and they possess a strong aroma. Due to their wide applications, they are attracting attention in recent times. The components present in them does not allow the use of extreme condition for their extraction from plant sources. This chapter covered the maximum possible extraction methods used by different researcher and industrial groups to extract the essential oils. The methods like solvent extraction, steam distillation, hydrodistillation, hydrodiffusion, solvent free microwave, and cold press methods have been discussed.

References

  1. Tongnuanchan, P. and BenjakulS. (2014)., Essential oils: Extraction, bioactivities, and their uses for food preservation., J. Food Sci., 79, R1231-R1249.
  2. Pourmortazavi S.M. and Hajimirsadeghi S.S. (2007)., Supercritical fluid extraction in plant essential and volatile oil analysis., J. Chromato. A., 1163, 2-24.
  3. Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. (2008)., Biological effects of essential oils - a review., Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 446–475.
  4. Sokovic, M., Tzakou, O., Pitarokili, D., Couladis, M. (2002)., Antifungal activities of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Greece., Food/Nahrung., 46, 317-320.
  5. Dagli, N., Dagli, R., Mahmoud, R.S. and Baroudi, K. (2015)., Essential oils, their therapeutic properties, and implication in dentistry: A review., J. Int. Soc. Prevent. Comm. Dent., 5, 335-340.
  6. Sharma, S., Barkauskaite, S., Jaiswal, A.K., Jaiswal, S. (2021)., Essential oils as additives in active food packaging., Food Chem., 343, 128403.
  7. Market Analysis Report (2021)., Essential Oils Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Orange, Cornmint, Eucalyptus), By Application (Medical, Food & Beverages, Spa & Relaxation), By Sales Channel, By Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2021 – 2028., https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/ essential-oils-market, Retrieved on 06 Aug 2021.
  8. Anitescu, G., Doneanu, C. and Radulescu, V. (1997)., Isolation of Coriander Oil: Comparison Between Steam Distillation and Supercritical CO2 Extraction., Flav. Fragr. J., 12, 173-176.
  9. Cassel, E., Vargas, R.M.F., Martinez, N., Lorenzo, D. and Dellacassa, E. (2009)., Steam distillation modelling for essential oil extraction process., Ind. Crops Prod., 29, 171-176.
  10. Rassem H.H.A., Nour A.H. and Yunus R.M. (2016)., Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: A review., Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 10, 117-127.
  11. Dawidowicz, A.L., Rado, E., Wianowska, D., Mardarowicz, M. and Gawdzik, J. (2008)., Application of PLE for the determination of essential oil components from Thymus Vulgaris L., Talanta, 76, 878-884.
  12. Reverchon, E. and Senatore, F. (1992)., Isolation of rosemary oil: comparison between hydro-distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction., Flav. Fragr. J., 7, 227-230.
  13. Masango P. (2005)., Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation., J. Clean. Prod., 13, 833-839.
  14. Božović, M., Navarra, A., Garzoli, S., Pepi, F. and Ragno R. (2017)., Essential oils extraction: a 24-hour steam distillation systematic methodology., Nat. Prod. Res., 31, 2387-2396.
  15. Babu, K.G.D. and Kaul, V.K. (2005)., Variation in essential oil composition of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) distilled by different distillation techniques., Flav. Fragr. J., 20, 222-231.
  16. Perineau, F., Ganou, L. and Vilarem, G. (1992)., Studying production of lovage essential oils in a hydro-distillation pilot unit equipped with a cohobation system., J. Chem. Tech. Biotech., 53, 165-171.
  17. Dugo, G. and Di Giacomo, A. (2002)., The Genus Citrus., Taylor Francis Publishing, London.
  18. Rai, R. and Suresh, B. (2004)., In-vitro antioxidant properties of Indian traditional paan and its ingredients., Ind. J. Trad. Know., 3, 187-191.
  19. Meyer-Warnod, B. (1984)., Natural essential oils: extraction processes and application to some major oils., Perfumer flavorist., 9, 93-104.
  20. Khajeh, M., Yamini, Y., Bahramifar, N., Sefidkon, F. and Pirmoradei, M.R. (2005)., Comparison of essential oils compositions of Ferula assa-foetida obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydro-distillation methods., Food Chem., 91, 639-644.
  21. Jimenez-Carmona, M.M.J., Ubera, J.L. and Luque de Castro, M.D. (1999)., Comparison of continuous subcritical water extraction and hydrodistillation of marjoram essential oil., J. Chromatogr. A., 855, 625-632.
  22. Glisica, S.B., Misic, D.R., Stamenic, M.D., Zizovic, I.T., Asanin, R.M. and Skala, D.U. (2007)., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carrot fruit essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity., Food Chem., 105, 346-352.
  23. Gironi, F. and Maschietti, M. (2008)., Continuous countercurrent deterpenation of lemon essential oil by means of supercritical carbon dioxide: experimental data and process modelling., Chem. Engineer. Sci., 63, 651-661.
  24. Lang, Q.Y. and Wai, C.M. (2001)., Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies - a practical review., Talanta., 53, 771-782.
  25. Deng, C., Yao, N., Wang, A. and Zhang, X. (2005)., Determination of essential oil in a traditional Chinese medicine, Fructus amomi by pressurized hot water extraction followed by liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry., Anal. Chim. Acta., 536, 237-244.
  26. Otterbach, A. and Wenclawiak, B.W. (1999)., Ultrasonic/ Soxhlet/supercritical fluid extraction kinetics of pyrethrins from flowers and allethrin from paper strips., Fres. J. Anal. Chem., 365, 472-474.
  27. Ghasemi, E., Yamini, Y., Bahramifar, N. and Sefidkon, F. (2007)., Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Artemisia sieberi., J. Food Eng., 79, 306-311.
  28. Hawthorne, S.B., Rickkola, M.L., Screnius, K., Holm, Y., Hiltunen, R. and Hartonen, K. (1993)., Comparison of hydro-distillation and supercritical fluid extraction for the determination of essential oils in aromatic plants., J. Chromatogr., A.634, 297-308.
  29. Senorans, F.J., Ibanez, E., Cavero, S., Tabera, J. and Reglero, G. (2000)., Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of supercritical-fluid extracts of rosemary plants., J. Chromatogr. A., 870, 491-499.
  30. Pourmortazavi, S.M., Saghafi, Z., Ehsani, A. and Yousefi, M. (2018)., Application of supercritical fluids in cholesterol extraction from foodstuffs: a review., J. Food Sci. Technol., 55, 2813-2823.
  31. Yousefi, M., Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M., Pourmortazavi, S. M., Wysokowski, M., Jesionowski, T., Ehrlich, H., & Mirsadeghi, S. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 182-193., undefined, undefined
  32. Kotnik, P., Skerget, M. and Knez, Z. (2007)., Supercritical fluid extraction of chamomile flower heads: Comparison with conventional extraction, kinetics and scale-up., J. Supercrit. Fluid., 43, 192-198.
  33. Langa, E., Porta, G.D., Palavra, A.M.F., Urieta, J.S. and Mainar, A.M. (2009)., Supercritical fluid extraction of Spanish sage essential oil: Optimization of the process parameters and modelling., J. Supercrit. Fluid., 49, 174-181.
  34. Safaralie, A., Fatemi, S. and Salimi, A. (2010), Experimental design on supercritical extraction of essential oil from valerian roots and study of optimal conditions., Food Bioprod. Proc., 88, 312-318.
  35. Souza, A.T., Benazzi, T.L., Grings, M.B., Cabral, V., Silva, E.A. and Filho, L.C. (2008)., Supercritical extraction process and phase equilibrium of Candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) oil using supercritical carbon dioxide., J. Supercrit. Fluid., 47, 182-187.
  36. Zermane, A., Meniai, A.H. and Barth, D. (2010)., Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Algerian rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)., Chem. Eng. Tech., 33, 489-498.
  37. Khajenoori, M., Haghighi, A., Hormozi, F., Eikani, M.H. and Bidgoli, H.N. (2009)., Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Zataria multiflora boiss., J. Food Proc. Eng., 3, 804-816.
  38. Ayala, R.S. and Luquede Castro, M.D. (2001)., Continuous subcritical water extraction as a useful tool for isolation of edible essential oils., Food Chem., 75, 109-113.
  39. Özel, M.Z., Göü, F. and Lewis, A.C. (2006)., Comparison of direct thermal desorption with water distillation and superheated water extraction for the analysis of volatile components of Rosa damascena Mill. Using GCxGC-TOF/MS., Anal. Chim. Acta., 566, 172-177.
  40. Herrero, M., Cifuentes, A. and Ibanez, E. (2005)., Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae: A review., Food Chem., 98, 136-148.
  41. Eikani, M.H., Golmohammad, F. and Roshanzamir, S. (2007)., Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum Mill)., J. Food Eng., 80, 735-740.
  42. Eikani, M.H., Golmohammad, F., Roshanzamir, S. and Mirza, M. (2007)., Extraction of volatile oil from cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with superheated water., J. Food Proc. Eng., 30, 255-266.
  43. Zhang, H.F., Yang, X.H. and Wang, Y. (2011)., Microwave assisted extraction of secondary metabolites from plants: current status and future application., Trend. Food Sci. Tech., 22, 672-688.
  44. Kahriman, N., Yayh, B., Yücel, M., Karaoglu, S.A. and Yayh, N. (2012)., Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Vicia dadianorum extracted by hydro and microwave distillations., Rec. Nat. Prod., 6, 49-56.
  45. Chen, F., Sun, Y., Zhao, G., Liao, X., Hu, X., Wu, J. and Wang, Z. (2007)., Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanins in extract using high-performance liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry., Ultrasonics Sonochem.,14, 767-778.
  46. Huie, C.W. (2002)., A review of modern sample preparation techniques for the extraction and analysis of medicinal plants., Anal. Bioanalyt. Chem., 373, 1299-1303.
  47. Sahraoui, N., Vian, M.A., Bornard, I., Boutekedjiret, C. and Chemat, F. (2008)., Improved microwave steam distillation apparatus for isolation of essential oils. Comparison with conventional steam distillation., J. Chromatogr. A. 1210, 229–233.
  48. Périno-Issartier, S., Maryiline, Z., Vian, A. and Chemat F. (2010)., Solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidants from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) food by-Products., Food Bioproc. Tech., 4, 1020-1028.
  49. Farhat, A., Ginies, C., Romdhane, M. and Chemat, F. (2009)., Eco-friendly and cleaner process for isolation of essential oil using microwave energy: Experimental and theoretical study., Journal of Chromatography A., 1216, 5077-5085.
  50. Letellier, M. and Budzinski, H. (1999)., Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds., Analusis., 7, 259-270.
  51. Cardoso-Ugarte, G.A., Juárez-Becerra, G.P., Sosa-Morales, M.E. and López-Malo, A. (2013)., Microwave-assisted extraction of essential oils from herbs., J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy, 47, 63-72.
  52. Mohammad-Taghi, G. and Rezaei, K. (2008)., Comparison of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation with the traditional hydro-distillation method in the extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L., Food Chem., 109, 925-930.
  53. Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Garofulic, I.E., Jukic, M., Penic, M. and Dent, M. (2012)., The influence of microwave-assisted extraction on the isolation of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) polyphenols., Food Tech. Biotech., 50, 377-383.
  54. Pollien, P., Ott, A., Fay, L.B., Maignial, L. and Chaintreau, A. (1998)., Simultaneous distillation–extraction: preparative recovery of volatiles under mild conditions in batch or continuous operations., Flav. Fragr. J., 13, 413-423.
  55. Luque de Castro, M.D., Jimenez-Carmona, M.M. and Fernandez-Perez, V. (1999)., Towards more rational techniques for the isolation of valuable essential oils from plants., Trends Anal. Chem., 18, 708-716.
  56. Lucchesi, M.E., Smadja, J., Bradshaw, S., Louw, W. and Chemat, F. (2007)., Solvent-free microwave extraction of Elletaria cardamomum L.: A multivariate study of a new technique for the extraction of essential oil., J. Food Eng., 79, 1079-1086.
  57. Lucchesi, M.E., Chemat, F. and Smadja, J. (2004)., Original solvent free microwave extraction of essential oils from spices., Flav. Fragr. J., 19, 134-138.
  58. Lucchesi, M. E., Chemat, F., & Smadja, J. (2004)., Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydro-distillation., Journal of Chromatography a, 1043(2), 323-327.
  59. Filly, A., Fernandez, X., Minuti, M., Visinoni, F., Cravotto, G., & Chemat, F. (2014)., Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: from laboratory to pilot and industrial scale., Food chemistry, 150, 193-198.
  60. Çakaloğlu, B., Özyurt, V.H. and Ötleş, S. (2018)., Cold press in oil extraction. A review., Ukrain. Food J., 7, 640-654.
  61. Bousbia, N., Abert, M.A., Ferhat, M.A., Meklati, B.Y. and Chemat, F. (2009)., A new process for extraction of essential oil from Citrus peels: microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity., J. Food Eng., 90, 409-413.
  62. Koubaa, M., Mhemdi, H. and Vorobiev, E. (2016)., Influence of canola seed dehulling on the oil recovery by cold pressing and supercritical CO2 extraction., J. Food Eng., 182, 18-25.
  63. Li, G., Xiang, S., Pan, Y., Long, X., Cheng, Y., Han, L., Zhao, X. (2021)., Effects of cold-pressing and hydrodistillation on the active non-volatile components in lemon essential oil and the effects of the resulting oils on aging-related oxidative stress in mice., Front. Nutr., 8, 689094.
  64. Lu-Martínez, A.A., Báez-González, J.G., Castillo-Hernández, S. et al. (2021)., Studied of Prunus serotine oil extracted by cold pressing and antioxidant effect of P. longiflora essential oil., J Food Sci. Technol., 58, 1420–1429.
  65. Cameron, M., McMaster, L.D. and Britz, T.J. (2009)., Impact of ultrasound on dairy spoilage microbes and milk components., Dairy Sci. Technol., 89, 83-98.
  66. Vilkhu, K., Mawson, R., Simons, L. and Bates, D. (2008)., Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry- A review., Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 9, 161-169.
  67. Kumar, K., Srivastav, S., Sharanagat, V.S. (2021)., Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review., Ultrason. Sonochem., 70, 105325.
  68. Assami, K., Pingret, D., Chemat, S., Meklati,B.Y., Chemat, F. (2012)., Ultrasound induced intensification and selective extraction of essential oil from Carum carvi L. seeds., Chem. Eng. Process.: Proc. Intensif., 62, 99-105.
  69. Samaram, S., Mirhosseini, H., Tan,C.P., Ghazali,H.M., Bordbar, S. and Serjouie A. (2015)., Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from papaya seed by response surface methodology: Oil recovery, radical scavenging antioxidant activity, and oxidation stability., Food Chem., 172, 7-17.
  70. Bimakr, M., Rahman, R. A., Taip, F. S., Adzahan, N. M., Sarker, M., Islam, Z. and Ganjloo, A. (2012)., Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of crude oil from winter melon (Benincasa hispida) seed using response surface methodology and evaluation of its antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition., Molecules, 17, 11748-11762.