International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Rapid urbanization Vis a Vis meeting target of access to improved sanitation

    , ,

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University. P.O. Box 536 Egerton Njoro, Kenya
  • 2Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University. P.O. Box 536 Egerton Njoro, Kenya
  • 3Natural Sciences, Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, P.O. Box 72017-00200, Nairobi, Kenya

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 8, Issue (4), Pages 46-51, October,22 (2019)

Abstract

The quality of life of members of a household is affected directly by the sanitation and hygiene of household. Nakuru town was noted to have been the fastest growing urban area East and Central Africa. Hence the need to assess the spatial-temporal variation in household access to sanitation facilities as the urban area grows. A cross sectional survey was undertaken. Data was collected through remote sensing and an interview administered to key informants to elicit information on the sanitation facilities used in different areas on a time series in Nakuru Municipality and surrounding peri-urban area. A structured questionnaire was also administered to 400 respondents drawn from households that were randomly selected from the study area. Descriptive statistics was used in the analysis of data collected. The results of the study showed that over the years the rate of expansion of sewerage systems was very low serving areas surrounding the urban core. The results also showed that a total of 51.5% of the respondents used a pit latrine that could be a potential source of contamination of underground water sources. This may impede realization of SDG 6 target 6.1 of universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. The study recommends improvement of the pit latrines by use of lining to protect underground water from horizontal contaminants.

References

  1. Virginia Department of Health (VDH) (2014)., Sewage Handling and Disposal Regulations (Emergency Regulations for Gravelless Material and Drip Dispersal)., Richmond: VDH. https://www.vdh.Accessed on 20th April, 2015
  2. UN-HABITAT (2003)., Water and Sanitation in the World′s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals., London: Earthscan. http//www.earthscan.co.uk/
  3. Trémolet S., Koslky P. and Perez E. (2010)., Financing On-Site Sanitation for the Poor a Global Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis., Washington D.C.: World Bank, Water and Sanitation Programme.
  4. Edwards B., Nagpal T., Rose R., Mohammed A.N., Uandela A., Wolfsbauer M. and Norman G. (2015)., Municipal Finance for Sanitation in Three African Cities., Discussion Paper DP 007; Water and Sanitation for Urban Poor http/www/H:/water%20&%20sanitation)/DP007
  5. UN-HABITAT and UNEP (2010)., The state of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban land Markets., UN- HABITAT, Nairobi.
  6. UN (2011)., Green Hills, Blue Cities: An Ecosystems Approach to Water Resource Management for African Cities., www.unep.org;
  7. WHO & UNICEF (2012)., Wat/San Categories. Joint Monitoring Programme., Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/
  8. Montgomery M.A. and Elimelech M. (2007)., Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation., Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es072435t
  9. WHO (2014)., Preventing Diarrhoea through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Exposures and Impacts in Low- and Middle-Income Countries., http://www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/publications/en/
  10. WHO and UNICEF (2016)., Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update., Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland.
  11. UN (2015)., Sustainable Development Goals., http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/
  12. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2010)., Kenya Population and Housing Census– 2009 Nairobi: KNBS.,
  13. WHO and UNICEF (2017)., Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017 update and SDG Baselines., Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland.
  14. Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) (2018)., Impact: A Performance Report of Kenya′s Water Services Sub-sector., Nairobi. Kenya, 10.
  15. Government of Kenya (2012)., Public Health Act Chapter 242 Laws of Kenya. Revised Edition 2012 [1986]., National Council for Law Government Printers; Nairobi
  16. Ross I., Scott R. and Joseph R. (2016)., Faecal Sludge Management: Diagnostics for Service Delivery in Urban Areas: Case Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh., World Bank, Water and Sanitation Programme, Washington, DC.
  17. World Bank (2016)., Fecal Sludge Management: Diagnostics and Guidelines for Service Delivery in Urban Areas., World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24722 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
  18. Hoover M. and Konsler T. (2004)., Soil Facts: Septic Systems and Their Maintenance., North Carolina Cooperative Extension publication.
  19. Kraemer P., Balachandran B.R., Haran S., Pai R., Prochaska C.F. and Sachdeva R. (2010)., City-wide Planning for Decentralized Basic Needs Services (DBNS): A Methodology to Plan Decentralized Sanitation Solutions at City Level., Water Practice & Technology, 5(4).
  20. Pasteur K. and Prabhakaran P. (2015)., Lessons in Urban Community Led Total Sanitation from Nakuru, Kenya., CLTS Foundation www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/.../communityledtotalsanitation.../PracticalAction
  21. Orwa E. (2001)., Groundwater Quality in Manyatta and Migosi Estates of Kisumu Town, (Unpublished doctoral Thesis)., Moi University Eldoret, Kenya, 102.
  22. Kiptum C.K. and Ndambuki J.M. (2012)., Well water contamination by pit latrines: a case study of Langas., International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 4(2), 35-43. http://www.academicjournals.org/I DOI: 10.5897/IJWREE11.084
  23. Dzwairo B., Hoko Z., Love D. and Guzha E. (2006)., Assessment of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in rural areas: a case study from Marondera district, Zimbabwe., Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 31(15-16), 779-788.
  24. Water U.N. (2018)., Sustainable Development Goal 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation., Published by the United Nations New York, New York, 10017.