International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Potential risks of endophytic Salmonella sp. contamination associated with raw salad vegetables and their drug-resistant pattern

    ,

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Zoology, B.P. Baria Science Institute, Navsari, Affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
  • 2Department of Zoology, B.P. Baria Science Institute, Navsari, Affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India

Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., Volume 9, Issue (4), Pages 1-11, November,10 (2020)

Abstract

Raw salad vegetables are considerable ingredients of vital nourishment but have been associated with relevant days with a flourishing threat of food poisoning from bacterial pathogens for instance Salmonella sp. Even though this is reflected in substantial known health trouble, extremely little is recognized regarding the behavior performance of Salmonella sp. with raw salad vegetables. The contemporary effort estimates the microbiological excellence of raw salad vegetables utilized in Surat city, Gujarat, India. A sum of 300 samples of 5 discrete largely consumed raw salad vegetables (Tomato N=60, Cucumber N=60, Cabbage N=60, Spinach N=60, Carrot N=60) from local vegetable markets were investigated for inclusive endophytic Salmonella sp.in relations of aerobic counts after removing surface microflora. Salmonella sp. has been detected 11.3 % of the total samples. Most Salmonella sp. isolated from above raw salad vegetables observed to have multidrug resistance. The investigation statistics reveal that raw salad vegetables may promote the durability of Salmonella sp. within raw salad vegetables. Endophytic Salmonella cells from salad vegetables could not be removed by simple washing and intensely highlight the significance of confirming the microbiological safety of raw salad vegetables.

References

  1. Pande, T.K., Khan, A.H., Pipersania, R., Sethi, S.K., and Rath, Y. (2002)., Watermelon poisoning., Postgrad Med J 78, 124-125.
  2. Sudershan, R.V., Naveen Kumar, R., Kashinath, L., Bhaskar, V. and Polasa, K. (2014)., Foodborne infections and intoxications in Hyderabad India., Epidemiol Res Int, Article ID 942961, 5 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014 /942961
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017)., List of selected multistate food borne outbreak investigations., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  4. Callejón, R.M., Rodríguez-Naranjo, M.I., Ubeda, C., Hornedo-Ortega, R., Garcia-Parrilla, M.C. and Troncoso, A.M. (2015)., Reported foodborne outbreaks due to fresh produce in the United States and European Union: trends and causes., Food borne Pathog Dis, 12(1), 32-38.
  5. Slavin, J.L. and Lloyd, B. (2012)., Health benefits of fruits and vegetables., Advances in Nutrition, 3, 506-516.
  6. Brandl, M.T. (2006)., Fitness of human enteric pathogens on plants and implications for food safety., Annu Rev Phytopathol, 44, 367-392.
  7. Teplitski, M., Barak, J.D., and Schneider, K.R. (2009)., Human enteric pathogens in produce: un-answered ecological questions with direct implications for food safety., Curr Opin Biotechnol, 20, 166-171.
  8. Holden, N., Pritchard, L. and Toth, I. (2009)., Colonization outwith the colon: plants as an alternative environmental reservoir for human pathogenic enterobacteria., FEMS Microbiol Rev, 33, 689-703.
  9. Barak, J.D. and Schroeder, B.K. (2012)., Interrelationships of food safety and plant pathology: the life cycle of human pathogens on plants., Annu Rev Phytopathol, 50, 241-266.
  10. Farming Leafy Greens (2019)., California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Agreement (LGMA)., https://lgma.ca.gov/about-us/farming-leafy-greens/.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018)., Multistate Outbreak of E. coli O157: H7 Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce-Case Count Maps.,
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018)., Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 Infections Linked to Leafy Greens, Case Count Maps.,
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018)., The outbreak of E. coli Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce-Timeline of Reported Cases.,
  14. Herman, K.M.; Hall, A.J. and Gould, L.H. (2015)., Outbreaks attributed to fresh leafy vegetables, United States, 1973-2012., Epidemiol. Infect., 143, 3011-3021.
  15. Kisluk, G., and Yaron, S. (2012)., Presence and persistence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of spray-irrigated parsley., Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 4030-4036.
  16. Wright, K.M., Chapman, S., Mc Geachy, K., Humphris, S., Campbell, E., Toth, I.K., and Holden, N.J. (2013)., The endophytic lifestyle of Escherichia coli O157: H7: quantification and internal localization in roots., Phytopathology, 103, 333-340.
  17. Zheng, J., Allard, S., Reynolds, S., Millner, P., Arce, G., Blodgett, R.J., and Brown, E.W. (2013)., Colonization and internalization of Salmonella enterica in tomato plants., Appl Environ Microbiol, 79, 2494-2502.
  18. Brandl, M.T., and Mandrell, R.E. (2002)., Fitness of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in the cilantro phyllosphere., Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, 3614-3621.
  19. Harapas, D., Premier, R., Tomkins, B., Franz, P., and Ajlouni, S. (2010)., Persistence of Escherichia coli on injured vegetable plants., Int J Food Microbiol, 138, 232-237.
  20. Schikora, A., Carreri, A., Charpentier, E., and Hirt, H. (2008)., The dark side of the salad: Salmonella typhimurium overcomes the innate immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows an enteropathogenic lifestyle., PLoS One, 3, 2279.
  21. Warriner, K., and Namvar, A. (2010)., The tricks learned by human enteric pathogens from phytopathogens to persist within the plant environment., Curr Opin Biotechnol, 21, 131-136.
  22. Su, L.H., and Chiu, C.H. (2007)., Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature., Chang Gung Med J, 30, 210-219.
  23. Lan, R., Reeves, P.R., and Octavia, S. (2009)., Population structure, origins, and evolution of major Salmonella enterica clones., Infect Genet Evol, 9, 996-1005.
  24. Sivapalasingam, S., Friedman, C.R., Cohen, L., and Tauxe, R.V. (2004)., Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997., J Food Prot, 67, 2342-2353.
  25. Mahon, B.E., Ponka, A., Hall, W.N., Komatsu, K., Dietrich, S.E., Siitonen, A., et al. (1997)., An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds., J Infect Dis, 175, 876-882.
  26. Winthrop, K.L., Palumbo, M.S., Farrar, J.A., Mohle-Boetani, J.C., Abbott, S., Beatty, M.E., et al. (2003)., Alfalfa sprouts and Salmonella Kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine., J Food Prot, 66, 13-17.
  27. OMahony, M., Cowden, J., Smyth, B., Lynch, D., Hall, M., Rowe, B., et al. (1990)., An outbreak of Salmonella saint-paul infection associated with bean sprouts., Epidemiol Infec,t 104, 229-235.
  28. Campbell, J.V., Mohle-Boetani, J., Reporter, R., Abbott, S., Farrar, J., Brandl, M., et al. (2001)., An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson associated with fresh cilantro., J Infect Dis, 183, 984-987.
  29. Horby, P.W., OBrien, S.J., Adak, G.K., Graham, C., Hawker, J.I., Hunter, P., et al. (2003)., A national outbreak of multi resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104 associated with the consumption of lettuce., Epidemiol Infect, 130, 169-178.
  30. Mohle-Boetani, J.C., Reporter, R., Werner, S.B., Abbott, S., Farrar, J., Waterman, S.H., and Vugia, D.J. (1999)., An outbreak of Salmonella serogroup Saphra due to cantaloupes from Mexico., J Infect Dis, 180, 1361-1364.
  31. Guo, X., Chen, J., Brackett, R.E., and Beuchat, L.R. (2001)., Survival of salmonellae on and in tomato plants from the time of inoculation at flowering and early stages of fruit development through fruit ripening., Appl Environ Microbiol, 67, 4760-4764.
  32. Hamilton, A.J., Stagnitti, F., Premier, R., Boland, A.M., and Hale, G. (2006)., Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for the consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water., Appl Environ Microbiol, 72, 3284-3290.
  33. Tyrrel, S.F., Knox, J.W., Weatherhead, E.K. (2006)., Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom., J Food Prot, 69, 2029-2035.
  34. Sivapalasingam, S., Barrett, E., Kimura, A., Van Duyne, S., De Witt, W., Ying, M., et al. (2003)., A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: impact of water-dip disinfestations technology., Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1585-1590.
  35. Beuchat, L.R., and Ryu, J.H. (1997)., Produce handling and processing practices., Emerg Infect Dis, 3, 459-465.
  36. Roever, C.D. (1998)., Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce., Food Control, 9, 321-347.
  37. Natvig, E.E., Ingham, S.C., Ingham, B.H., Cooperband, L.R., and Roper, T.R. (2002)., Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli contamination of root and leaf vegetables grown in soils with incorporated bovine manure., Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, 2737-2744.
  38. Santamaria, J., and Toranzos, G.A. (2003)., Enteric pathogens and soil: a short review., Int Microbiol, 6, 5-9.
  39. Rice, D.H., Hancock, D.D., and Besser, T.E. (1995)., Verotoxigenic E. coli O157 colonization of wild deer and range cattle., Vet Rec, 137, 524.
  40. Ackers, M.L., Mahon, B.E., Leahy, E., Goode, B., Damrow, T., Hayes, P.S., et al. (1998)., An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infections associated with leaf lettuce consumption., J Infect Dis, 177, 1588-1593.
  41. Iwasa, M., Makino, S., Asakura, H., Kobori, H., and Morimoto, Y. (1999)., Detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) at a cattle farm in Japan., J Med Entomol, 36, 108-112.
  42. Sela, S., Nestel, D., Pinto, R., Nemny-Lavy, E., and Bar-Joseph, M. (2005)., Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens., Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, 4052-4056.
  43. Talley, J.L., Wayadande, A.C., Wasala, L.P., Gerry, A.C., Fletcher, J., DeSilva, U., and Gilliland, S.E. (2009)., Association of Escherichia coli O157: H7 with filth flies (Muscidae and Calliphoridae) captured in leafy greens fields and experimental transmission of E. coli O157: H7 to spinach leaves by house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)., J Food Prot, 72, 1547-1552.
  44. Wachtel, M.R., and Charkowski, A.O. (2002)., Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157: H7., J Food Prot, 65, 465-470.
  45. Kroupitski, Y., Pinto, R., Brandl, M.T., Belausov, E., and Sela, S. (2009)., Interactions of Salmonella enterica with lettuce leaves., J Appl Microbiol, 106, 1876-1885.
  46. Singh, B.R., Singh, P., Agrawal, S., Teotia, U.V.S., Verma, A., Sharma, S., Chandra, M., Babu, N. and Kant Agarwal, R. (2007)., Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in Coriander, mint, carrot, and radish in Bareilly and Kanpur, northern India., Foodborne Pathog Dis, 4, 233-240.
  47. Mritunjay, S.K., and Kumar, V. (2017)., A study on the prevalence of microbial contamination on the surface of raw salad vegetables., 3, Biotech, 7, 13.
  48. Viswanathan, P., and Kaur, R. (2001)., Prevalence and growth of pathogens on salad vegetables, fruits, and sprouts., Int J Hyg Environ Health, 203, 205-213.
  49. Abadias, M., Usall, J., Anguera, M., Solsona, C., and Viñas, I. (2008)., Microbiological quality of fresh, minimally-processed fruit and vegetables, and sprouts from retail establishments., Int J Food Microbiol, 123(1), 121-129.
  50. Vojkovská, H, Myšková, Gelbíčová, T, Skočková, A, Koláčková, I and Karpíšková, R (2017)., Occurrence and characterization of food-borne pathogens isolated from fruit, vegetables, and sprouts retailed in the Czech Republic., Food Microbiology, 63, 147-152.
  51. Burnett, S.L., and Beuchat, L.R. (2001)., Human pathogens are associated with raw produce and unpasteurized juices, and difficulties in decontamination., J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 27, 104-110.
  52. Sapers, G.M. (2001)., Efficacy of washing and sanitizing methods for disinfection of fresh fruit and vegetable products., Food Technol Biotechnol, 39(4).